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The attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Operation Hawaii or Operation AI by Police General Empire of Japan (Operation Z in the plan) and the Battle of Pearl Harbor) is a military strike suddenly committed by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the naval base the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventive measure so that the US Pacific Fleet did not interfere in military actions were being planned Empire of Japan in Southeast Asia against the British colonies, the Netherlands, and the United States.
The base was attacked by 353 fighters, bombers and torpedo planes of Japan in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. Eighth US Navy warships damaged, with four of them drowned. The eighth ship of this, the two raised to the surface, repaired four, six battleships returned to duty in the war. The Japanese side also drown or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and the ship spreader mines. 188 US aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed dan1.282 injured. Electrical substations, shipbuilding, maintenance facilities, fuel storage and torpedoes, submarines and also dernaga headquarters building (which is also the home of the intelligence section) are not attacked. Japan was mild losses: 29 planes and five mini-submarines lost, and 65 members were killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor was captured.
The attack becomes a very deep shock for the American people and the cause immediately plunging America into World War II battles in the Pacific and European theater. On the next day (December 8), the United States declared war on Japan. Support for Japan's policy of isolationism that had strong has disappeared. Silent demonstrations of support for the UK (eg Neutrality Patrol) is replaced by an active partnership. Subsequent operations from the US to make Germany and Italy declared war on the US on December 11 which directly diladeni by the US on the same day.
There are many historical precedents for the sudden Japanese military action. However, the lack of official warnings, especially when negotiations are ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 7, 1941 as "tangggal which will live in infamy".
Background conflict
Anticipating war
The attack on Pearl Harbor was intended to neutralize the US Pacific Fleet, and therefore protect the Japanese advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, where he was seeking access to natural resources such as oil and rubber. The war between Japan and the United States has become a possibility which has been realized by each nation (and develop plans for her preparation) since the 1920s, although tension-ketegangantidak become more serious until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. During the next decade Japan continues to widen its invasion of China, which led to all-out war in 1937. Japan exert considerable effort trying to isolate China and obtain independence adequate resources to menraih victory on the mainland; "Operation South" is designed to help these efforts.
Since December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on the USS Panay and Nanking Massacre (more than 200,000 people were killed in the slaughter indiscriminately such) to make the views of Western society turned sharply against Japan and increase the fear of Japanese expansion, which makes the United States , Britain, and France providing loan assistance contracts for war supplies to the Republic of China.
In 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an attempt to control the supplies that reached China. United States to stop the delivery of the aircraft, spares, tooling equipment, and aircraft fuel were captured by the Japanese as an unfriendly act. The US did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time was partly due to the prevailing sentiment in Washington that considers such acts is an extreme step due to Japan's dependence on oil from the US, and is likely to be regarded as a provocation by the Japanese.
In early 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from the previous base in San Diego and ordered an increase in military forces in the Philippines in the hope of deterring aggression of Japan in the Far East. Due to the high command of Japan (wrongly) believes the attack on the British colonies in Southeast Asia would involve the US in war, an attack that destroyed prevention is seen as the only way to avoid the interference of the US Navy. An invasion of the Philippines is also considered important by the Japanese war planners. US War Plan Orange had planned to defend the Philippine elite force strength of 40,000 people. The plan is opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who feels that he needs a force numbering ten times that, and never implemented. In 1941, US planners anticipate to leave the Philippines when the war broke out and execute the commands to be given at the end of 1941 for Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet.
US halt oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the fall of France, partly also due to the new US restrictions on the consumption of oil in the country. This led to Japan to continue his plan to seize the Dutch East Indies, an oil-rich region. Japan is faced with the option to retreat from China and the loss of face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the colonies of Europe rich in natural resources in Southeast Asia.
Initial planning for the attack to Pearl Harbor to protect the move to "Zone Resources South" (the term the Japanese to the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally) has started very early in 1941 under the agreements of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who in at that time commanded the Japanese Combined Fleet. He won approval for planning and formal training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much an argument with Naval Headquarters, including threatening to remove his post. Full-scale planning to start in the early spring of 1941, primarily by Captain Minoru Genda. The Japanese planning staff studied British air strikes in 1940 against the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively. This is very useful for them when planning their attack on US naval forces at Pearl Harbor.
After a few months later, the pilots had been trained, the equipment has been adapted, and intelligence collected. Outside of these preparations, the attack plan was not approved by Emperor Hirohito until November 5, after three of four Imperial Conferences asked to consider the issue. Final approval is not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him that "Hull Note" would "destroy the results of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea."
At the end of 1941, many observers believe that the war between the US and Japan are already very close. A Gallup poll shortly before the attack to PearlHarbor found that 52% of Americans megharapkan war with Japan, 27% do not expect war, and 21% do not know. Although in the meantime the US Pacific bases repeatedly placed in the standby position, US officials doubt that Pearl Harbor would be the first target. They expect the Philippines to be attacked first. This assumption is caused by that Lanud-Lanud across the country and the naval base in Manila is located in the path of the sea where the ships carrying supplies to Japan from the south pass They also mistakenly think that Japan was unable to do more than one major operation maritime at the same time.
Lord of attack
The attack has several main goals. The first, intended to destroy important units American fleet, and would hinder the Pacific Fleet to intervene in penklukan Balenda East Indies and Malaya by the Japanese. Secondly, it is expected to gain time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its strength AL before shipbuilding be allowed by the Act Vinson-Walsh in 1940 remove ubntuk chance to win. Lastly, intended to undermine the spirit of the American people, who will be discouraged Americans do battle reaching the western Pacific Ocean region and the Dutch East Indies. To maximize the effect of wrecking the morale, battleships chosen as the main target, because they are vessels for the navy pride anywhere. The overall intent to allow Japan to be able to conquer Southeast Asia interference.
Attacked the Pacific Fleet which was anchored in Pearl Harbor has two significant shortcomings: the ships targeted waters are very shallow, so that the lift is easy to be lifted and repaired when submerged; and most of the crew would be safe from attack, because many of them will leave or saved by colleagues on land. Other shortcomings again-it's about timing, and is known by the Japanese is the absence of a third aircraft carrier of the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor (Enterprise, Lexington and Saratoga). Ironically, the top-level leaders IJN very animating doctrine of "decisive battles" by Mahan Laksama-especially pertaining to destroy as many ships combat-that beyond these concerns, Yamamoto decided to remain melanjutkn plan.
Japanese believe in their ability to win the war in a short time which also means other targets in the port, especially shipbuilding AL, complex oil storage, and the submarine base, could not dihiruakan, because-according to their mind-war will end in when the influence of these facilities can be felt.
Approach and attack
On November 26 , 1941, a task force of Japan ( Forces Striker ) consisting of six aircraft carriers ( Akagi , Kaga , Soryu , Hiryu , ShÅkaku , and Zuikaku ) departed from northern Japan to get to a position in the northwest of Hawaii , bermksud to launch the plane -plane them to attack Pearl Harbor . Altogether , 408 aircraft will be used : 360 to carry out attacks in two waves , 48 to patrol fighters , including nine fighters from the first wave .
The first wave will be the main attack, while the second wave of duty to complete any tasks that have not been resolved by the first wave. The first wave contains most of the weapons to attack major warships, especially Type 91 torpedo modified specifically that by installing anti-tumble mechanism and elongation steering blades that make them able to operate in shallow waters. The pilots were instructed to choose the highest-value targets (ship-fighter and an aircraft carrier) or, if none, SEPA other vessels are also of high value (cruisers and destroyers). Dive bombers were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter planes were ordered to strafe and destroy as many planes being parked to ensure that they can not be on the air to hit back of bombers, especially those in the first wave. At the time of the fighter began to run out of fuel they need to get back to the mother ship to refuel and re-fought. Warplanes also assigned to patrol fighter, especially in the fields of air over the US.
Prior to the attack carried out two reconnaissance plane launched from ship-kapla explorers were sent to spy on Oahu and report the composition and location of enemy fleet. Four other reconnaissance aircraft patrolling the region between the Japanese carrier forces (Kido Butai) and Niihau, to avoid the task force of sudden counterattack.
Submarines
Submarines fleet of I-16, I-18, I-20, I-22 and I-24, each carrying a mini submarine Type A to be released in parairan Oahu. The fifth submarine left Kure Navy District on November 25, 1941, close to 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their luggage at approximately 01:00 on 7 December. At 3:42 pm Hawaii time, minesweeper USS Condor spotted a submarine periscope mini in southwest buoy marks the entrance to Pearl Harbor and tell destroyer USS Ward. Mini-submarines that may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, Ward sank the other mini submarine at 06:37 which is the first shot of the Americans in the Pacific Mandala. A mini-submarine on the north side of Ford Island failed on board the ship with a torpedo seaplane Curtiss first and failed also to the destroyer Monaghan is being attacked before sunk if Monaghan at 08:43.
The third mini-submarine ran aground twice, once outside the harbor entrance and once again on the east side of Oahu, where he was arrested on 8 Desember.Letda Kazuo Sakamaki swam to shore and taken prisoner, became the first Japanese prisoner of war. The fourth was destroyed by a bomb attack sea and its crew abandoned before had fired torpedoes. An analysis of photos of the attack carried out in 1999 by the Institute AL United States indicated that the possibility sebauh mini submarine has successfully fired torpedoes into the USS West Virginia. Japanese forces receiving a radio message from a mini submarine at 00:41 on December 8 that states have damaged one or more large warships in Pearl Harbor. Position the end of the submarine is not known, but he did not return to the submarine parent. On December 7, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that there is evidence based on the state that the three pieces of the submarine were found three miles south of the Pearl Harbor between 1994 and 2001 could be the missing submarine. The publication also reports that there is strong evidence based on circumstances when the submarine fired two torpedoes at Battleship Row. Debris disposed outside the port as part of an effort to cover up the traces of West Loch Disaster, ammunition explosion that occurred in 1944 that destroyed six tanks landing craft which was preparing for Operation forager, the invasion of the Mariana archipelago.
Japan's declaration of war
The attack occurred before there was any official statement by the Japanese war, but this is not what is meant by Admiral Yamamoto. He has stressed that the attack should not be carried out until thirty minutes after the Japan told the United States that the peace negotiations had been berakhir.Jepang trying to enforce conventions of war while still holding the element of surprise, but the attacks began before the notice can be delivered. Tokyo sent a notice consisting of 5,000 word (commonly referred to as "PM 14 Section") in the two blocks to the Embassy of Japan in Washington, but the process of translating the message is too long so that the Japanese ambassador can not be delivered on time. (In fact, the US code breakers had solved and translate most of the messages for hours before it is time to transfer.) [54] The final part of "PM 14 Section" The kadag sometimes described as a declaration of war. While the message was not a declaration of war and the severance of diplomatic relations, but the look in the eyes of government officials and senior US military is a strong indication that the negotiations will be terminated and a war could break out at any time. A declaration of war is printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers evening edition on December 8, but not delivered to the US government until the day after the attack.
For decades, it was thought that the Japanese attacked without warning termination officially only by accident and gossip delay in sending a letter to the Washington declaration of war. In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at the University of International Christian in Tokyo, discovered documents showing the sophist in the government about how to, and of course whether it should, inform Washington about the intentions of Japan to stop the negotiations and the start of the war, including an entry in the war diary, dated December 7, saying, "diplomacy we were tricky starting to show success." About this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the Army and Marine did not want to give declaration of war proper, or advance notice of the termination of the negotiations will be ... and they certainly succeeded. "
The composition of the first wave
The first assault wave consisted of 183 aircraft launched from the north of Oahu , led by Lt. Col. Mitsuo Fuchida . Including:
Group 1 ( Goals : kakapl - battleships and aircraft carriers )
50 bomber Nakajima Kate B5N laden steel penetrators weighing 800 kg , is organized into four sections
40 bomber that carries B5N Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections
Group 2 - ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field )
54 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers that carry 249 kg bombs
Group 3 - ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Lapangna , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe )
45 fighter Mitsubishi A6M Zeke to control air and strafing ( strafing ) Six aircraft glide failed due to technical difficulties .
When the first wave approached Oahu, a radar SCR-270 belonging to the US Army in Opana Point near the north end of the island (not yet operational and is in training mode for months) to detect them and sounds an alert. Radar has been used in training mode by the Hawaii Department of the Army for a while, but was not fully operational. Although its operators, Private George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard, reported a target, a newly commissioned officer at the Centre interception that almost all personnel are off duty, Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler, memnganggap that is a group consisting of six B-17 bomber that was scheduled to arrive in the morning , The direction from where the plane came indeed close (both directions come apart only a few degrees), while the operators have never seen the formation of that size on the radar; they forgot to tell Tyler to be resized, while Tyler, for security reasons, can not tell them that the group of B-17 that had landed (even though everyone already knows it).
Some US planes shot down when the first wave approached land, and one of them broadcast a warning that seemed 'not disconnected'. Other warnings from ships outside the harbor entrance are also being processed or awaiting confirmation when the planes start bombing and strafing attack. However, it is unclear whether any such perinagatan will take effect even if translated correctly and promptly. The results achieved in the Philippines Japan was essentially the same as in Pearl Harbor, although MacArthur had received a warning for nine hours that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.
Air attack on Pearl Harbor began at 07:48. Time Hawaii. (03:18 December 8 Japan Standard Time, as recorded by ships Butai Kido), with an attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reaching Oahu. Bombers torpedo slow and susceptible to lead the first wave, using the momentum of the initial shock to attack ships important (battleships), while the bombers dive attack air bases the United States in Oahu, ranging from the Field Hickam Field, the largest, and Wheeler Field, the main base for fighter aircraft the US Army Air Corps. All 171 aircraft in the second wave attacked Bellows Field belongs to the Air Corps near Kaneohe side of the island facing the wind, and Ford Island. The only air resistance carried out by a handful of Hawk P-36, P-40 Warhawk and SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.
The crew aboard US ships awoke to the sound of alarms, bombs were exploded and gunshots made them still semi-conscious soon as she hurried into the station dressed in their combat. (Famous message, "Air attacks Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill.", Sent from headquarters Patrol Wing Two, the senior command of Hawaii the first to respond) Those who survived were in a state of very unprepared. Storage of ammunition locked, the planes parked tightly in the open to prevent sabotage, guns were not manned (none cannon 5 "/ 38 Navy in action, only a quarter of their machine guns, and only four of 31 guns AD acting). Although attacked suddenly, many military personnel respond effectively during battle. Lt. Joe Taussig, Jr., the only officer on the USS Nevada, managed to sail the ship during the battle but lost his legs. The ship was denied at the port by her first deck officer. One of the destroyers, USS Aylwin, sailed with only four officers, all of Lieutenant, and none had experience at sea more than a year; he operated at sea for 36 hours before the commander managed to rise. Captain Mervyn Bennion, who commanded the USS West Virginia, led his men until he was hit by shrapnel that about USS Tennessee, moored next to man.
The composition of the second wave
The second wave consisted of 171 aircraft: 54 B5N, 81 D3A, and 36 A6M, led by Major Shimazaki Shigekazu. Four aircraft glide failed due to technical difficulties. This wave and target consists of:
Group 1-54 B5N laden 249 kg and 60 kg
27 B5N - plane and hangar in Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barber's Point
27 B5N - plane and hangar at Hickam Field
Group 2 (target: the carriers and cruisers)
81 D3A laden 249 kg, divided into four sections
Group 3 - (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
36 A6M for defense and strafing
The second wave was divided into three groups. One assigned untu attacked Kaneohe , and the rest around the Pearl Harbor attack . Separate sections arrived at the point of attack almost simultaneously from several directions .
Ninety minutes after the attack began finally ended. 2,386 American personnel fall ( 55 of them civilians , most killed by falling anti - aircraft cannon shells that did not explode and America fell in the area of civilians ) , 1,139 people were injured . Eighteen ships sank or ran aground , including five battleships .
From all American casualties, hampirr half (1,177) were caused by the explosion of an ammunition depot after the Arizona front 400mm cannon bullets were modified into a bomb.
After the torpedo hit and burned, Nevada trying to get out of the harbor. He was attacked by many Japanese bombers while sailing and get more damage from bombs 113 kg, which makes the fire spread. Finally he denied deliberately so as not to obstruct the harbor entrance.
California hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew can actually keep him afloat but they were ordered to leave anytime when they will turn on the pump. Burning oil coming from Arizona and West Virginia creeper up to him and possibly make the situation looks looks worse than it actually is. Ship for target practice shooting that has been disarmed, Utah, was hit by two torpedoes. West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing torpedo blade wheel. Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes, the last two torpedoes about it at the top of the armored side that caused overturned. Maryland was hit by two bullets 400mm but neither caused serious damage.
Although Japan to concentrate on battleships (the largest ships in Pearl Harbor), but they did not ignore other targets. Torpedoed light cruiser Helena, and the vibration of the explosion toppled the mines Oglala spreader ship moored next to it. Two destroyers in dry dock, Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs struck their fuel bunkers. Leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an attempt memdamkan displaced over the fire instead of burning oil rises to the top and burn both vessels. Cassin slip of retaining the keel beam and rolled towards Downes. Light cruiser Raleigh holed by a torpedo. Light cruiser Honolulu is damaged but still be in charge. Repair ship Vestal, moored at the side of Arizona, was heavily damaged and run aground. Aircraft carrier amphibious Curtiss was also damaged. Destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs the ammunition dump front.
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of which were attacked on the ground. Almost no one was ready to take off to defend the base. The Army Air Corps pilots 8 successfully aired during the battle and dropping six of them recorded at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack, Lt. Lewis M. Sanders, Lieutenant Philip M. Rasmussen, Lieutenant Kenneth M. Taylor, Lt. George S. Welch, Letda Harry W. Brown and Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr. Sterling shot down and killed by his own comrades shot while returning to base. Of 33 PBY in Hawaii, 24 hancurk and six others severely damaged. (Three more patrol returned without disabilities) shot his own comrades dropping several US aircraft including five who were heading Pearl Harbour of Enterprise. Japanese attack to barracks killed more nanyak more personnel.
Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners killed in action and one prisoner. Of the 414 aircraft belonging to Japan, 29 missing in battle (nine of the first wave, 20 of the second wave), with another 74 destroyed by anti-aircraft gunfire from the ground.
The possibility of a third wave
Some young Japanese officers, including Mitsuo Fuchida and Minoru Genda, the main architect of the attack, urged Nagumo to carry out the third assault wave to destroy as much as possible supply of fuel and torpedoes, care facilities and dry dock at Pearl Harbor; and the captain of the fifth ka [pal parent in the line-up reported that they are willing to carry out an attack dna siapuntuk third. Military historians have assumed that when the third strike be implemented it will cripple the US Pacific Fleet more than just losing lkapal-SEPA combat. If it happens, "Operations are serious [American] in the Pacific will be delayed more than a year"; according to the American Admiral Chester Nimitz, the commander of the Pacific Fleet kemudina, "It will prolong the war for two years." Nagumo, however, decided to retreat for several reasons:
Anti-aircraft battery performance with greatly improved during the second attack, and two-thirds of the Japanese losses occurred during the second attack. Nagumo felt when he launched a third attack, he would have risked three quarters of the Combined Fleet strength to finish the remaining targets (which including such facilities) with losses higher plane.
The location of the carriers America remains unknown. In addition, the admiral was worried because now the position of troops to be in the range US bombers based in land. Nagumo tidka sure whether the US has enough remaining aircraft in Hawaii to launch an attack against the mother ships.
The third wave will require careful preparation and considerable turnaround times, and the mean planes returned to land at night. At that time, only the Royal Navy who have developed a surgical technique aircraft carrier night, so this is a big risk.
Fuel supply task force does not allow for more time in the northern waters of Pearl Harbor, because he really was on the limit logistical support. To carry out the third assault meant risking running out of fuel may even have to leave the ships perusaknya on the way home.
He believes the attacks have met the main goal of his mission-neutralization-Pacific Fleet and do not want to lose again. Moreover, it is the practice of the Japanese Navy to save energy rather than destroy the enemy totally.
At the conference upon Yamato next morning, Yamamoto initially supported Nagumo. In his memory, leaving shipyards are vital, maintenance workshops and depots of oil means the US and will soon respond to the activities of the Japanese in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to resign and claimed is a big mistake to not ordered a third attack.
The ships were wrecked or damaged
Combat Ship
Arizona: Exploded; The number of victims. 1,177 were killed.
Oklahoma: Reversed, 429 were killed. Floated back in November 1943; capsized and sank while being towed to the mainland in May 1947
West Virginia: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sank; reassigned in July 1944. 106 were killed.
California: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sank; reassigned in January 1944. 100 were killed.
Nevada: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, foundered; reassigned in October 1942. 60 were killed.
Tennessee: hit by two bombs; reassigned in February 1942. 5 dead.
Maryland: hit by two bombs; reassigned in February 1942. 4 dead (including apungnya pilots who were shot down).
Pennsylvania (Ship flag Kimmel): in the dry docks along with Cassin and Downes, hit by a bomb and the ruins of the USS Cassin; fixed duty. 9 killed.
Former combat ship (target / vessel train antiaircraft)
Utah: Reversed; Victims. 58 were killed.
Cruiser
Helena: Hit by a torpedo; kemabli duty in January 1942. 20 were killed.
Raleigh: Hit by a torpedo; fixed duty.
Honolulu: Affected by the explosion, with minor damage; fixed duty.
Destroyer
Cassin: in dry dock along with Downes and Pennsylvania, hit by a bomb, burn; returned to duty in February 1944.
Downes: in dry dock along with Cassin and Pennsylvania, caught fire from Cassin, burning; returned to duty in November 1943.
Shaw: Hit three bombs; returned to duty in June 1942.
Etc
Oglala ( ship spreader mine ) : Damaged torpedo explosion which affected about Helena , upside down ; back on duty ( as a repair ship engine ) in February 1944 .
Vestal ( ship repair ) : Hit by two bombs , explosions and fire from Arizona , foundered ; back on duty in August 1942 .
Curtiss ( aircraft carrier amphibious ) : hit by a bomb , was hit by a Japanese aircraft ; returned to duty in January 1942. 19 dead .
reappointment
After a systematic search for survivors, surgical removal of the back officially begins. Captain Homer N. Wallin, Material Officer for Combat Force Commander of the US Pacific Fleet, was ordered to lead the operation reappointment. "In my sinkat time freed from other duties and ordered to be Officer Appointment Back Armada in full".
Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (beach and suppliers), Shipyard Navy, and civilian contractors (Pacific Bridge and others) began working on ships that can be floated back. They patch holes, rubble, and pumping water out of the vessel. Navy divers working in the damaged vessels. In six months, five battleships and two destroyers penjelajahditambal or floated back so they can be sent to the shipyard at Pearl Harbor and the mainland for further improvement.
Reappointment intensive operation lasted until the following year, with total hours worked 20,000 hours underwater. Oklahoma, though successfully removed, never repaired, and overturned while being towed to the mainland in 1947. Arizona and target ship Utah was too badly damaged to be reappointed, but many of the weapons and equipment they are taken and used in other ships. At this time, both the wreck remained where they sank, with Arizona became a memorial.
After the attack, 15 Medal of Honor, 51 Navy Cross, 53 Silver Star, four medals Navy and Marine Corps, the Distinguished Flying Cross, four Distinguished Service Cross, a medal Distinguished Service, and three Bronze Star awarded to American soldiers whose devotion prominent in the battle at Pearl Harbor. In addition, a special military award, the Medal Memorial Pearl Harbor (Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal), was given to all veterans of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The day after the attack, Roosevelt read Kelaknatannya famous speech to the Joint Session of Congress, asking for permission to formally declare war to the Empire of Japan. Congress allowed him less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy, honor their commitments under the Tripartite Pact, declared war against the United States.
Tripartite Pact is an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan whose sole purpose is to limit US intervention in any conflict involving the three nations. The United States Congress declared war on Germany and Italy on the same day. Britain has actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the US, partly due to the Japanese attack on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and partly because of the promise of Winston Churchill to declare war "coincided" with the Japanese attacks to the United States.
The attack was the initial shock for all Allies in the Pacific Mandala. Further losses make them increasingly becoming setback. Japan invaded the Philippines a few hours later (because of time zone differences, when it was on December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Prince of Wales and Repulse sank off the coast of Malaya, causing the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill remember him as follows: "In all the war I never received the news that all that surprising. I can not sleep peacefully because of the horror of the news. There was no major British ships in the Indian Ocean or America or the Pacific Ocean except American survivors who were rushed back to California. In the waters of this immense Japan victorious and everywhere kitalemah and naked ". Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor is often used in American propaganda.
One of the consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the end ( the most famous is the incidence of Niihau ) are citizens of Japanese descent were moved to internment camps for Japanese descent . In the first hours after the attack , hundreds of leaders of Japanese descent were collected and taken to the high-security camps like Sand Island in the mouth of the port of Honolulu and the Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Then , more than 110,000 people of Japanese descent , including those that have become a citizen of the United States , pulled from their homes and relocated to internment camps in California , Idaho , Utah , Arizona , Wyoming , Colorado , and Arkansas .
Niihau incident
Japanese planners have determined that it needed a way to save the pilot whose plane was too badly damaged to return to the mother ship. Niihau Island, just 30 minutes from Pearl Harbor, used as a rescue point.
Zero aircraft flown by Sergeant Shigenori Nishikaichi of aircraft carrier Hiryu damaged in the attack on Wheeler, and he flew to rescue a point at Niihau. The plane becomes more damaged in the landing, and Nishikaichi helped out of the wreckage by one of the natives. The population of the island does not have a phone or radio and did not know about the attack on Pearl Harbor. Maps and other documents belonging to the pilot was saved by rescuers, and when Nishikaichi aware of this he asked for help from two residents of the island are of Japanese descent to try to take back the documents. In the fight that followed, Nishikaichi killed, the citizens of suicide, and his wife was imprisoned.
Ease of citizens of Japanese descent in Niihau to help Nishikaichi is a source of concern for many people, and tend to favor those who believe that the citizens of Japanese descent can not be trusted.
Strategic Implications
Admiral Hara Tadaichi summarizes the results of the attack, saying, "We won tactically at Pearl Harbor and due to it being lost the war." While the attack was successfully completed its primary purpose, but apparently it was not necessary. Unknown by Yamamoto, who gave birth to the original plan, the US Navy has decided since 1935 to not 'butting' cross the Pacific oak toward the Philippines in response to the outbreak of war (in the context of the Plan in line with the evolution of Orange). In fact, the US adopted a "Plan Dog" in 1940, which emphasizes the Imperial Japanese Navy to distance from the East Pacific and from the shipping lanes to Australia while the US concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.
Fortunately for the United States , the carriers they do not attack the Japanese , if not the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations will be paralyzed for about a year ( if not assisted ooeh Atlantic Fleet ) . Thus, the loss of battleships made the AL As no other choice but to rely on the mother ship and submarine - a weapon that makes the US Navy menhana and eventually reverse the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to duty , they are fairly slow pace limit their deployment and they mainly served to make shore bombardment . The main flaw in the Japanese strategic thinking is the belief that the peak of the fighting in the Pacific would be done with combat ships , in accordance with doktri Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoard combat ship for the " battle of determination " that never happened .
At its peak, targets that are not included in the list of Genda, like a submarine base and the old headquarters building, proved to be more important than any combat ship. Ships selamlah that crippled ships heavy Japanese Navy and make the economy of Japan stalled by paralyzing the transportation of oil and raw materials: imports of raw materials dropped by half at the end of the CE 1942 "to about ten million tons", while oil imports "Nearly stop completely ". Also, the basement of the Old Administration Building is home to kriptoanalitik units that provide important contributions to the success of the raid on Midway and Submarine Forces.
At this time
Currently, the USS Arizona Memorial in Oahu island in honor of the dead on the day of the attack. The memorial visitors reach it by boats from the naval base in Peral Harbor. Alfred Preis is the architect responsible for the design of the memorial. The structure has a section tengh sagging and the edges are strong and sturdy. It symbolizes "the initial defeat and ultimate victory" for the victims died on December 7, 1941. Although the December 7, known as Pearl Harbor Day, but is not regarded as a public holiday in the United States. However this nation remains a pilgrimage and remember those who were killed and injured when attacked by the Japanese in 1941. The schools and other places around the country raising the American flag at half-mast.
The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Operation Hawaii or Operation AI by Police General Empire of Japan (Operation Z in the plan) and the Battle of Pearl Harbor) is a military strike suddenly committed by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the naval base the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventive measure so that the US Pacific Fleet did not interfere in military actions were being planned Empire of Japan in Southeast Asia against the British colonies, the Netherlands, and the United States.
The base was attacked by 353 fighters, bombers and torpedo planes of Japan in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. Eighth US Navy warships damaged, with four of them drowned. The eighth ship of this, the two raised to the surface, repaired four, six battleships returned to duty in the war. The Japanese side also drown or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and the ship spreader mines. 188 US aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed dan1.282 injured. Electrical substations, shipbuilding, maintenance facilities, fuel storage and torpedoes, submarines and also dernaga headquarters building (which is also the home of the intelligence section) are not attacked. Japan was mild losses: 29 planes and five mini-submarines lost, and 65 members were killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor was captured.
The attack becomes a very deep shock for the American people and the cause immediately plunging America into World War II battles in the Pacific and European theater. On the next day (December 8), the United States declared war on Japan. Support for Japan's policy of isolationism that had strong has disappeared. Silent demonstrations of support for the UK (eg Neutrality Patrol) is replaced by an active partnership. Subsequent operations from the US to make Germany and Italy declared war on the US on December 11 which directly diladeni by the US on the same day.
There are many historical precedents for the sudden Japanese military action. However, the lack of official warnings, especially when negotiations are ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 7, 1941 as "tangggal which will live in infamy".
Background conflict
Anticipating war
The attack on Pearl Harbor was intended to neutralize the US Pacific Fleet, and therefore protect the Japanese advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, where he was seeking access to natural resources such as oil and rubber. The war between Japan and the United States has become a possibility which has been realized by each nation (and develop plans for her preparation) since the 1920s, although tension-ketegangantidak become more serious until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. During the next decade Japan continues to widen its invasion of China, which led to all-out war in 1937. Japan exert considerable effort trying to isolate China and obtain independence adequate resources to menraih victory on the mainland; "Operation South" is designed to help these efforts.
Since December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on the USS Panay and Nanking Massacre (more than 200,000 people were killed in the slaughter indiscriminately such) to make the views of Western society turned sharply against Japan and increase the fear of Japanese expansion, which makes the United States , Britain, and France providing loan assistance contracts for war supplies to the Republic of China.
In 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an attempt to control the supplies that reached China. United States to stop the delivery of the aircraft, spares, tooling equipment, and aircraft fuel were captured by the Japanese as an unfriendly act. The US did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time was partly due to the prevailing sentiment in Washington that considers such acts is an extreme step due to Japan's dependence on oil from the US, and is likely to be regarded as a provocation by the Japanese.
In early 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from the previous base in San Diego and ordered an increase in military forces in the Philippines in the hope of deterring aggression of Japan in the Far East. Due to the high command of Japan (wrongly) believes the attack on the British colonies in Southeast Asia would involve the US in war, an attack that destroyed prevention is seen as the only way to avoid the interference of the US Navy. An invasion of the Philippines is also considered important by the Japanese war planners. US War Plan Orange had planned to defend the Philippine elite force strength of 40,000 people. The plan is opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who feels that he needs a force numbering ten times that, and never implemented. In 1941, US planners anticipate to leave the Philippines when the war broke out and execute the commands to be given at the end of 1941 for Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet.
US halt oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the fall of France, partly also due to the new US restrictions on the consumption of oil in the country. This led to Japan to continue his plan to seize the Dutch East Indies, an oil-rich region. Japan is faced with the option to retreat from China and the loss of face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the colonies of Europe rich in natural resources in Southeast Asia.
Initial planning for the attack to Pearl Harbor to protect the move to "Zone Resources South" (the term the Japanese to the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally) has started very early in 1941 under the agreements of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who in at that time commanded the Japanese Combined Fleet. He won approval for planning and formal training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much an argument with Naval Headquarters, including threatening to remove his post. Full-scale planning to start in the early spring of 1941, primarily by Captain Minoru Genda. The Japanese planning staff studied British air strikes in 1940 against the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively. This is very useful for them when planning their attack on US naval forces at Pearl Harbor.
After a few months later, the pilots had been trained, the equipment has been adapted, and intelligence collected. Outside of these preparations, the attack plan was not approved by Emperor Hirohito until November 5, after three of four Imperial Conferences asked to consider the issue. Final approval is not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him that "Hull Note" would "destroy the results of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea."
At the end of 1941, many observers believe that the war between the US and Japan are already very close. A Gallup poll shortly before the attack to PearlHarbor found that 52% of Americans megharapkan war with Japan, 27% do not expect war, and 21% do not know. Although in the meantime the US Pacific bases repeatedly placed in the standby position, US officials doubt that Pearl Harbor would be the first target. They expect the Philippines to be attacked first. This assumption is caused by that Lanud-Lanud across the country and the naval base in Manila is located in the path of the sea where the ships carrying supplies to Japan from the south pass They also mistakenly think that Japan was unable to do more than one major operation maritime at the same time.
Lord of attack
The attack has several main goals. The first, intended to destroy important units American fleet, and would hinder the Pacific Fleet to intervene in penklukan Balenda East Indies and Malaya by the Japanese. Secondly, it is expected to gain time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its strength AL before shipbuilding be allowed by the Act Vinson-Walsh in 1940 remove ubntuk chance to win. Lastly, intended to undermine the spirit of the American people, who will be discouraged Americans do battle reaching the western Pacific Ocean region and the Dutch East Indies. To maximize the effect of wrecking the morale, battleships chosen as the main target, because they are vessels for the navy pride anywhere. The overall intent to allow Japan to be able to conquer Southeast Asia interference.
Attacked the Pacific Fleet which was anchored in Pearl Harbor has two significant shortcomings: the ships targeted waters are very shallow, so that the lift is easy to be lifted and repaired when submerged; and most of the crew would be safe from attack, because many of them will leave or saved by colleagues on land. Other shortcomings again-it's about timing, and is known by the Japanese is the absence of a third aircraft carrier of the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor (Enterprise, Lexington and Saratoga). Ironically, the top-level leaders IJN very animating doctrine of "decisive battles" by Mahan Laksama-especially pertaining to destroy as many ships combat-that beyond these concerns, Yamamoto decided to remain melanjutkn plan.
Japanese believe in their ability to win the war in a short time which also means other targets in the port, especially shipbuilding AL, complex oil storage, and the submarine base, could not dihiruakan, because-according to their mind-war will end in when the influence of these facilities can be felt.
Approach and attack
On November 26 , 1941, a task force of Japan ( Forces Striker ) consisting of six aircraft carriers ( Akagi , Kaga , Soryu , Hiryu , ShÅkaku , and Zuikaku ) departed from northern Japan to get to a position in the northwest of Hawaii , bermksud to launch the plane -plane them to attack Pearl Harbor . Altogether , 408 aircraft will be used : 360 to carry out attacks in two waves , 48 to patrol fighters , including nine fighters from the first wave .
The first wave will be the main attack, while the second wave of duty to complete any tasks that have not been resolved by the first wave. The first wave contains most of the weapons to attack major warships, especially Type 91 torpedo modified specifically that by installing anti-tumble mechanism and elongation steering blades that make them able to operate in shallow waters. The pilots were instructed to choose the highest-value targets (ship-fighter and an aircraft carrier) or, if none, SEPA other vessels are also of high value (cruisers and destroyers). Dive bombers were ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter planes were ordered to strafe and destroy as many planes being parked to ensure that they can not be on the air to hit back of bombers, especially those in the first wave. At the time of the fighter began to run out of fuel they need to get back to the mother ship to refuel and re-fought. Warplanes also assigned to patrol fighter, especially in the fields of air over the US.
Prior to the attack carried out two reconnaissance plane launched from ship-kapla explorers were sent to spy on Oahu and report the composition and location of enemy fleet. Four other reconnaissance aircraft patrolling the region between the Japanese carrier forces (Kido Butai) and Niihau, to avoid the task force of sudden counterattack.
Submarines
Submarines fleet of I-16, I-18, I-20, I-22 and I-24, each carrying a mini submarine Type A to be released in parairan Oahu. The fifth submarine left Kure Navy District on November 25, 1941, close to 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their luggage at approximately 01:00 on 7 December. At 3:42 pm Hawaii time, minesweeper USS Condor spotted a submarine periscope mini in southwest buoy marks the entrance to Pearl Harbor and tell destroyer USS Ward. Mini-submarines that may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, Ward sank the other mini submarine at 06:37 which is the first shot of the Americans in the Pacific Mandala. A mini-submarine on the north side of Ford Island failed on board the ship with a torpedo seaplane Curtiss first and failed also to the destroyer Monaghan is being attacked before sunk if Monaghan at 08:43.
The third mini-submarine ran aground twice, once outside the harbor entrance and once again on the east side of Oahu, where he was arrested on 8 Desember.Letda Kazuo Sakamaki swam to shore and taken prisoner, became the first Japanese prisoner of war. The fourth was destroyed by a bomb attack sea and its crew abandoned before had fired torpedoes. An analysis of photos of the attack carried out in 1999 by the Institute AL United States indicated that the possibility sebauh mini submarine has successfully fired torpedoes into the USS West Virginia. Japanese forces receiving a radio message from a mini submarine at 00:41 on December 8 that states have damaged one or more large warships in Pearl Harbor. Position the end of the submarine is not known, but he did not return to the submarine parent. On December 7, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that there is evidence based on the state that the three pieces of the submarine were found three miles south of the Pearl Harbor between 1994 and 2001 could be the missing submarine. The publication also reports that there is strong evidence based on circumstances when the submarine fired two torpedoes at Battleship Row. Debris disposed outside the port as part of an effort to cover up the traces of West Loch Disaster, ammunition explosion that occurred in 1944 that destroyed six tanks landing craft which was preparing for Operation forager, the invasion of the Mariana archipelago.
Japan's declaration of war
The attack occurred before there was any official statement by the Japanese war, but this is not what is meant by Admiral Yamamoto. He has stressed that the attack should not be carried out until thirty minutes after the Japan told the United States that the peace negotiations had been berakhir.Jepang trying to enforce conventions of war while still holding the element of surprise, but the attacks began before the notice can be delivered. Tokyo sent a notice consisting of 5,000 word (commonly referred to as "PM 14 Section") in the two blocks to the Embassy of Japan in Washington, but the process of translating the message is too long so that the Japanese ambassador can not be delivered on time. (In fact, the US code breakers had solved and translate most of the messages for hours before it is time to transfer.) [54] The final part of "PM 14 Section" The kadag sometimes described as a declaration of war. While the message was not a declaration of war and the severance of diplomatic relations, but the look in the eyes of government officials and senior US military is a strong indication that the negotiations will be terminated and a war could break out at any time. A declaration of war is printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers evening edition on December 8, but not delivered to the US government until the day after the attack.
For decades, it was thought that the Japanese attacked without warning termination officially only by accident and gossip delay in sending a letter to the Washington declaration of war. In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at the University of International Christian in Tokyo, discovered documents showing the sophist in the government about how to, and of course whether it should, inform Washington about the intentions of Japan to stop the negotiations and the start of the war, including an entry in the war diary, dated December 7, saying, "diplomacy we were tricky starting to show success." About this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the Army and Marine did not want to give declaration of war proper, or advance notice of the termination of the negotiations will be ... and they certainly succeeded. "
The composition of the first wave
The first assault wave consisted of 183 aircraft launched from the north of Oahu , led by Lt. Col. Mitsuo Fuchida . Including:
Group 1 ( Goals : kakapl - battleships and aircraft carriers )
50 bomber Nakajima Kate B5N laden steel penetrators weighing 800 kg , is organized into four sections
40 bomber that carries B5N Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections
Group 2 - ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field )
54 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers that carry 249 kg bombs
Group 3 - ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Lapangna , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe )
45 fighter Mitsubishi A6M Zeke to control air and strafing ( strafing ) Six aircraft glide failed due to technical difficulties .
When the first wave approached Oahu, a radar SCR-270 belonging to the US Army in Opana Point near the north end of the island (not yet operational and is in training mode for months) to detect them and sounds an alert. Radar has been used in training mode by the Hawaii Department of the Army for a while, but was not fully operational. Although its operators, Private George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard, reported a target, a newly commissioned officer at the Centre interception that almost all personnel are off duty, Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler, memnganggap that is a group consisting of six B-17 bomber that was scheduled to arrive in the morning , The direction from where the plane came indeed close (both directions come apart only a few degrees), while the operators have never seen the formation of that size on the radar; they forgot to tell Tyler to be resized, while Tyler, for security reasons, can not tell them that the group of B-17 that had landed (even though everyone already knows it).
Some US planes shot down when the first wave approached land, and one of them broadcast a warning that seemed 'not disconnected'. Other warnings from ships outside the harbor entrance are also being processed or awaiting confirmation when the planes start bombing and strafing attack. However, it is unclear whether any such perinagatan will take effect even if translated correctly and promptly. The results achieved in the Philippines Japan was essentially the same as in Pearl Harbor, although MacArthur had received a warning for nine hours that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.
Air attack on Pearl Harbor began at 07:48. Time Hawaii. (03:18 December 8 Japan Standard Time, as recorded by ships Butai Kido), with an attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reaching Oahu. Bombers torpedo slow and susceptible to lead the first wave, using the momentum of the initial shock to attack ships important (battleships), while the bombers dive attack air bases the United States in Oahu, ranging from the Field Hickam Field, the largest, and Wheeler Field, the main base for fighter aircraft the US Army Air Corps. All 171 aircraft in the second wave attacked Bellows Field belongs to the Air Corps near Kaneohe side of the island facing the wind, and Ford Island. The only air resistance carried out by a handful of Hawk P-36, P-40 Warhawk and SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.
The crew aboard US ships awoke to the sound of alarms, bombs were exploded and gunshots made them still semi-conscious soon as she hurried into the station dressed in their combat. (Famous message, "Air attacks Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill.", Sent from headquarters Patrol Wing Two, the senior command of Hawaii the first to respond) Those who survived were in a state of very unprepared. Storage of ammunition locked, the planes parked tightly in the open to prevent sabotage, guns were not manned (none cannon 5 "/ 38 Navy in action, only a quarter of their machine guns, and only four of 31 guns AD acting). Although attacked suddenly, many military personnel respond effectively during battle. Lt. Joe Taussig, Jr., the only officer on the USS Nevada, managed to sail the ship during the battle but lost his legs. The ship was denied at the port by her first deck officer. One of the destroyers, USS Aylwin, sailed with only four officers, all of Lieutenant, and none had experience at sea more than a year; he operated at sea for 36 hours before the commander managed to rise. Captain Mervyn Bennion, who commanded the USS West Virginia, led his men until he was hit by shrapnel that about USS Tennessee, moored next to man.
The composition of the second wave
The second wave consisted of 171 aircraft: 54 B5N, 81 D3A, and 36 A6M, led by Major Shimazaki Shigekazu. Four aircraft glide failed due to technical difficulties. This wave and target consists of:
Group 1-54 B5N laden 249 kg and 60 kg
27 B5N - plane and hangar in Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barber's Point
27 B5N - plane and hangar at Hickam Field
Group 2 (target: the carriers and cruisers)
81 D3A laden 249 kg, divided into four sections
Group 3 - (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
36 A6M for defense and strafing
The second wave was divided into three groups. One assigned untu attacked Kaneohe , and the rest around the Pearl Harbor attack . Separate sections arrived at the point of attack almost simultaneously from several directions .
Ninety minutes after the attack began finally ended. 2,386 American personnel fall ( 55 of them civilians , most killed by falling anti - aircraft cannon shells that did not explode and America fell in the area of civilians ) , 1,139 people were injured . Eighteen ships sank or ran aground , including five battleships .
From all American casualties, hampirr half (1,177) were caused by the explosion of an ammunition depot after the Arizona front 400mm cannon bullets were modified into a bomb.
After the torpedo hit and burned, Nevada trying to get out of the harbor. He was attacked by many Japanese bombers while sailing and get more damage from bombs 113 kg, which makes the fire spread. Finally he denied deliberately so as not to obstruct the harbor entrance.
California hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew can actually keep him afloat but they were ordered to leave anytime when they will turn on the pump. Burning oil coming from Arizona and West Virginia creeper up to him and possibly make the situation looks looks worse than it actually is. Ship for target practice shooting that has been disarmed, Utah, was hit by two torpedoes. West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing torpedo blade wheel. Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes, the last two torpedoes about it at the top of the armored side that caused overturned. Maryland was hit by two bullets 400mm but neither caused serious damage.
Although Japan to concentrate on battleships (the largest ships in Pearl Harbor), but they did not ignore other targets. Torpedoed light cruiser Helena, and the vibration of the explosion toppled the mines Oglala spreader ship moored next to it. Two destroyers in dry dock, Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs struck their fuel bunkers. Leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an attempt memdamkan displaced over the fire instead of burning oil rises to the top and burn both vessels. Cassin slip of retaining the keel beam and rolled towards Downes. Light cruiser Raleigh holed by a torpedo. Light cruiser Honolulu is damaged but still be in charge. Repair ship Vestal, moored at the side of Arizona, was heavily damaged and run aground. Aircraft carrier amphibious Curtiss was also damaged. Destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs the ammunition dump front.
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of which were attacked on the ground. Almost no one was ready to take off to defend the base. The Army Air Corps pilots 8 successfully aired during the battle and dropping six of them recorded at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack, Lt. Lewis M. Sanders, Lieutenant Philip M. Rasmussen, Lieutenant Kenneth M. Taylor, Lt. George S. Welch, Letda Harry W. Brown and Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr. Sterling shot down and killed by his own comrades shot while returning to base. Of 33 PBY in Hawaii, 24 hancurk and six others severely damaged. (Three more patrol returned without disabilities) shot his own comrades dropping several US aircraft including five who were heading Pearl Harbour of Enterprise. Japanese attack to barracks killed more nanyak more personnel.
Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners killed in action and one prisoner. Of the 414 aircraft belonging to Japan, 29 missing in battle (nine of the first wave, 20 of the second wave), with another 74 destroyed by anti-aircraft gunfire from the ground.
The possibility of a third wave
Some young Japanese officers, including Mitsuo Fuchida and Minoru Genda, the main architect of the attack, urged Nagumo to carry out the third assault wave to destroy as much as possible supply of fuel and torpedoes, care facilities and dry dock at Pearl Harbor; and the captain of the fifth ka [pal parent in the line-up reported that they are willing to carry out an attack dna siapuntuk third. Military historians have assumed that when the third strike be implemented it will cripple the US Pacific Fleet more than just losing lkapal-SEPA combat. If it happens, "Operations are serious [American] in the Pacific will be delayed more than a year"; according to the American Admiral Chester Nimitz, the commander of the Pacific Fleet kemudina, "It will prolong the war for two years." Nagumo, however, decided to retreat for several reasons:
Anti-aircraft battery performance with greatly improved during the second attack, and two-thirds of the Japanese losses occurred during the second attack. Nagumo felt when he launched a third attack, he would have risked three quarters of the Combined Fleet strength to finish the remaining targets (which including such facilities) with losses higher plane.
The location of the carriers America remains unknown. In addition, the admiral was worried because now the position of troops to be in the range US bombers based in land. Nagumo tidka sure whether the US has enough remaining aircraft in Hawaii to launch an attack against the mother ships.
The third wave will require careful preparation and considerable turnaround times, and the mean planes returned to land at night. At that time, only the Royal Navy who have developed a surgical technique aircraft carrier night, so this is a big risk.
Fuel supply task force does not allow for more time in the northern waters of Pearl Harbor, because he really was on the limit logistical support. To carry out the third assault meant risking running out of fuel may even have to leave the ships perusaknya on the way home.
He believes the attacks have met the main goal of his mission-neutralization-Pacific Fleet and do not want to lose again. Moreover, it is the practice of the Japanese Navy to save energy rather than destroy the enemy totally.
At the conference upon Yamato next morning, Yamamoto initially supported Nagumo. In his memory, leaving shipyards are vital, maintenance workshops and depots of oil means the US and will soon respond to the activities of the Japanese in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to resign and claimed is a big mistake to not ordered a third attack.
The ships were wrecked or damaged
Combat Ship
Arizona: Exploded; The number of victims. 1,177 were killed.
Oklahoma: Reversed, 429 were killed. Floated back in November 1943; capsized and sank while being towed to the mainland in May 1947
West Virginia: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sank; reassigned in July 1944. 106 were killed.
California: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sank; reassigned in January 1944. 100 were killed.
Nevada: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, foundered; reassigned in October 1942. 60 were killed.
Tennessee: hit by two bombs; reassigned in February 1942. 5 dead.
Maryland: hit by two bombs; reassigned in February 1942. 4 dead (including apungnya pilots who were shot down).
Pennsylvania (Ship flag Kimmel): in the dry docks along with Cassin and Downes, hit by a bomb and the ruins of the USS Cassin; fixed duty. 9 killed.
Former combat ship (target / vessel train antiaircraft)
Utah: Reversed; Victims. 58 were killed.
Cruiser
Helena: Hit by a torpedo; kemabli duty in January 1942. 20 were killed.
Raleigh: Hit by a torpedo; fixed duty.
Honolulu: Affected by the explosion, with minor damage; fixed duty.
Destroyer
Cassin: in dry dock along with Downes and Pennsylvania, hit by a bomb, burn; returned to duty in February 1944.
Downes: in dry dock along with Cassin and Pennsylvania, caught fire from Cassin, burning; returned to duty in November 1943.
Shaw: Hit three bombs; returned to duty in June 1942.
Etc
Oglala ( ship spreader mine ) : Damaged torpedo explosion which affected about Helena , upside down ; back on duty ( as a repair ship engine ) in February 1944 .
Vestal ( ship repair ) : Hit by two bombs , explosions and fire from Arizona , foundered ; back on duty in August 1942 .
Curtiss ( aircraft carrier amphibious ) : hit by a bomb , was hit by a Japanese aircraft ; returned to duty in January 1942. 19 dead .
reappointment
After a systematic search for survivors, surgical removal of the back officially begins. Captain Homer N. Wallin, Material Officer for Combat Force Commander of the US Pacific Fleet, was ordered to lead the operation reappointment. "In my sinkat time freed from other duties and ordered to be Officer Appointment Back Armada in full".
Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (beach and suppliers), Shipyard Navy, and civilian contractors (Pacific Bridge and others) began working on ships that can be floated back. They patch holes, rubble, and pumping water out of the vessel. Navy divers working in the damaged vessels. In six months, five battleships and two destroyers penjelajahditambal or floated back so they can be sent to the shipyard at Pearl Harbor and the mainland for further improvement.
Reappointment intensive operation lasted until the following year, with total hours worked 20,000 hours underwater. Oklahoma, though successfully removed, never repaired, and overturned while being towed to the mainland in 1947. Arizona and target ship Utah was too badly damaged to be reappointed, but many of the weapons and equipment they are taken and used in other ships. At this time, both the wreck remained where they sank, with Arizona became a memorial.
After the attack, 15 Medal of Honor, 51 Navy Cross, 53 Silver Star, four medals Navy and Marine Corps, the Distinguished Flying Cross, four Distinguished Service Cross, a medal Distinguished Service, and three Bronze Star awarded to American soldiers whose devotion prominent in the battle at Pearl Harbor. In addition, a special military award, the Medal Memorial Pearl Harbor (Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal), was given to all veterans of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The day after the attack, Roosevelt read Kelaknatannya famous speech to the Joint Session of Congress, asking for permission to formally declare war to the Empire of Japan. Congress allowed him less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy, honor their commitments under the Tripartite Pact, declared war against the United States.
Tripartite Pact is an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan whose sole purpose is to limit US intervention in any conflict involving the three nations. The United States Congress declared war on Germany and Italy on the same day. Britain has actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the US, partly due to the Japanese attack on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and partly because of the promise of Winston Churchill to declare war "coincided" with the Japanese attacks to the United States.
The attack was the initial shock for all Allies in the Pacific Mandala. Further losses make them increasingly becoming setback. Japan invaded the Philippines a few hours later (because of time zone differences, when it was on December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Prince of Wales and Repulse sank off the coast of Malaya, causing the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill remember him as follows: "In all the war I never received the news that all that surprising. I can not sleep peacefully because of the horror of the news. There was no major British ships in the Indian Ocean or America or the Pacific Ocean except American survivors who were rushed back to California. In the waters of this immense Japan victorious and everywhere kitalemah and naked ". Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor is often used in American propaganda.
One of the consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the end ( the most famous is the incidence of Niihau ) are citizens of Japanese descent were moved to internment camps for Japanese descent . In the first hours after the attack , hundreds of leaders of Japanese descent were collected and taken to the high-security camps like Sand Island in the mouth of the port of Honolulu and the Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Then , more than 110,000 people of Japanese descent , including those that have become a citizen of the United States , pulled from their homes and relocated to internment camps in California , Idaho , Utah , Arizona , Wyoming , Colorado , and Arkansas .
Niihau incident
Japanese planners have determined that it needed a way to save the pilot whose plane was too badly damaged to return to the mother ship. Niihau Island, just 30 minutes from Pearl Harbor, used as a rescue point.
Zero aircraft flown by Sergeant Shigenori Nishikaichi of aircraft carrier Hiryu damaged in the attack on Wheeler, and he flew to rescue a point at Niihau. The plane becomes more damaged in the landing, and Nishikaichi helped out of the wreckage by one of the natives. The population of the island does not have a phone or radio and did not know about the attack on Pearl Harbor. Maps and other documents belonging to the pilot was saved by rescuers, and when Nishikaichi aware of this he asked for help from two residents of the island are of Japanese descent to try to take back the documents. In the fight that followed, Nishikaichi killed, the citizens of suicide, and his wife was imprisoned.
Ease of citizens of Japanese descent in Niihau to help Nishikaichi is a source of concern for many people, and tend to favor those who believe that the citizens of Japanese descent can not be trusted.
Strategic Implications
Admiral Hara Tadaichi summarizes the results of the attack, saying, "We won tactically at Pearl Harbor and due to it being lost the war." While the attack was successfully completed its primary purpose, but apparently it was not necessary. Unknown by Yamamoto, who gave birth to the original plan, the US Navy has decided since 1935 to not 'butting' cross the Pacific oak toward the Philippines in response to the outbreak of war (in the context of the Plan in line with the evolution of Orange). In fact, the US adopted a "Plan Dog" in 1940, which emphasizes the Imperial Japanese Navy to distance from the East Pacific and from the shipping lanes to Australia while the US concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.
Fortunately for the United States , the carriers they do not attack the Japanese , if not the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations will be paralyzed for about a year ( if not assisted ooeh Atlantic Fleet ) . Thus, the loss of battleships made the AL As no other choice but to rely on the mother ship and submarine - a weapon that makes the US Navy menhana and eventually reverse the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to duty , they are fairly slow pace limit their deployment and they mainly served to make shore bombardment . The main flaw in the Japanese strategic thinking is the belief that the peak of the fighting in the Pacific would be done with combat ships , in accordance with doktri Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoard combat ship for the " battle of determination " that never happened .
At its peak, targets that are not included in the list of Genda, like a submarine base and the old headquarters building, proved to be more important than any combat ship. Ships selamlah that crippled ships heavy Japanese Navy and make the economy of Japan stalled by paralyzing the transportation of oil and raw materials: imports of raw materials dropped by half at the end of the CE 1942 "to about ten million tons", while oil imports "Nearly stop completely ". Also, the basement of the Old Administration Building is home to kriptoanalitik units that provide important contributions to the success of the raid on Midway and Submarine Forces.
At this time
Currently, the USS Arizona Memorial in Oahu island in honor of the dead on the day of the attack. The memorial visitors reach it by boats from the naval base in Peral Harbor. Alfred Preis is the architect responsible for the design of the memorial. The structure has a section tengh sagging and the edges are strong and sturdy. It symbolizes "the initial defeat and ultimate victory" for the victims died on December 7, 1941. Although the December 7, known as Pearl Harbor Day, but is not regarded as a public holiday in the United States. However this nation remains a pilgrimage and remember those who were killed and injured when attacked by the Japanese in 1941. The schools and other places around the country raising the American flag at half-mast.
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