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Saturday, September 19, 2015
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Bali lies between Java and Lombok . Denpasar is the provincial capital of which is located in the southern part of the island. The majority of Balinese are Hindu . In the world famous Bali as a tourist destination with a unique variety of art and culture, especially for the Japanese and Australian tourists . Bali is also known as the island and the island of thousand temples .
ORIGINS OF BALI ISLAND HISTORY
prehistory
Prehistory Bali is the beginning of the history of the people of Bali , which is marked by the lives of the people at that time were not yet familiar with writing . Although in prehistoric times is not yet known writings to write a history of his life , but a variety of evidence about life in the community at that time may also recounted keadaanya Age prehistoric take place within a period of time long enough , then the evidence that have been discovered until now is certainly not can meet all our expectations .
Thanks to the diligent and skilled research of foreign experts , especially the Dutch and the sons of Indonesia , the development of prehistoric times in Bali even brighter. Attention to kekunaan in Bali first given by a naturalist named Georg Eberhard Rumpf , in 1705 for his book Amboinsche Reteitkamer . As a pioneer in archaeological research in Bali is WOJ Nieuwenkamp who visited Bali in 1906 as a painter . He traveled to explore Bali . And give some notes among other things nekara Pejeng , Trunyan , and Temple Mount Writing . Attention to this Pejeng nekara followed by KC Crucq 1932 who managed to find a three-part mold nekara Manuaba Pejeng in Pura Village , Tegallalang .
Prehistoric research in Bali followed by Dr. H.A.R. van Heekeren with the writings entitled Sarcopagus on Bali in 1954. In 1963, the son of Indonesian prehistory expert Drs . R.P. Soejono excavation was carried out in a sustainable manner , namely 1973 , 1974 , 1984 , 1985. Based on the results of research that has been done on found objects derived from the edge of the Gulf coast Gilimanuk Gilimanuk alleged that the location site is a fishing village from the time perundagian in Bali . In this place now stands a museum .
Based on the evidence that has been found until now in Bali , the life of the community or the population of Bali in Bali prehistoric times can be divided into :
The period of hunting and gathering modest level
The period of hunting and gathering advanced
The period of cultivation
Period perundagian
HUNTING AND COLLECTING FOOD FUTURE OF SIMPLE
The remnants of the culture of the earliest known by studies conducted since 1960 to be found in Sambiran ( Buleleng eastern ) , as well as on the edge of the east and southeast of Lake Batur ( Kintamani ) stone tools were classified as hand-held axes , axes impact , shaved and so on . Stone tools were found in both areas is now kept at the Museum Gedong Arca in Bedulu , Gianyar .
The life of the population during this period is simple , completely dependent on the natural environment. They live wandering from one place to another ( nomadic ) . The regions chosen is the area containing supplies of food and water sufficient to ensure its survival . Life hunt carried out by small groups and the results shared. Hunting tasks performed by men , because this work requires considerable power to face all the dangers that may occur . Women only served to complete a light work such as gathering food from the natural surroundings. Until now there has been little proof of whether people at that time had known the language as a means speak to each other .
Although the evidence contained in Bali are incomplete, but the evidence found in Pacitan ( East Java ) it can presumably be used as guidelines . Experts estimate that the stone tools of Pacitan contemporaries and has many similarities with stone tools from Sembiran , produced by the human species . Pithecanthropus erectus or offspring. Then perhaps also new tools of Sambiran produced by the human species Pithecanthropus or offspring.
HUNTING AND COLLECTING FOOD FUTURE ADVANCED
At this time the pattern of life that comes from earlier times are still influential . Living hunting and gathering food contained approximately dialam followed evident from the form of the tool is made of stone , bone and shells . Evidence regarding the future of human life on mesolithik was found in 1961 in Cave Selonding , Pecatu ( Badung ) . The cave is located in the mountains of limestone in Benoa peninsula . In this area there is a larger cave is Cave Coral Boma , but this cave does not give a proof of life that once took place there . Selonding found in cave excavation tools consist of tools and shaved flakes of stone and a number of tools from the bones . Among the bone tools , there are several lencipan muduk is a tool along the 5 cm both ends sharpened .
Such tools were also found in a number of caves in South Sulawesi at the level of cultural development Toala and well -known in Eastern Australia . Outside Bali found painting cave walls , depicting the socio-economic life and public trust at that time . The paintings on cave walls or on the walls of coral , among others in the form of labeling hand , hog deer , birds , humans , boats , the symbol of the sun , painting the eyes and so on . Several other paintings were more developed in more recent tradition and means to be brighter also among them are paintings of lizards such as those found on the island of Seram and Papua , may connote a magical power which is regarded as the incarnation of the spirit of the ancestors or chiefs.
The period of cultivation
The period of cultivation was born through a long process and can not be separated from prehistoric human endeavor in meeting their needs in former times . Neolithic period is very important in the history of the development of society and civilization , because at this time some new invention in the form of mastery of natural resources is accelerating. Livelihoods collect food ( food gathering ) turns into producing food ( food producing ) . These changes are indeed of great significance in view of the consequences that are very deep and extends into the economy and culture .
Remnants of the life of the plant in Bali, among others in the form of a square stone axes in different sizes, belincung and panarah tree. Kern theory and the theory of Von Heine-Geldern is known that the ancestors of Austronesian, which started to come in our islands about 2000 years BC was the Neolithic era. This culture has two branches are branches of rectangular axes which spread from Asia through the western plains and legacy is mainly located in the western part of Indonesia and ax oval spreading through the eastern and heritage legacy evenly-eastern part of our country. Supporters of Neolithic cultures (rectangular axes) are Austronesian peoples and the first wave of displacement was followed by the displacement of the second wave that occurred during the bronze approximately 500 BC Austronesian migration to Southeast Asian nations in particular by using the well-known type of outrigger boat at this time. At this time allegedly been growing trade with the exchange of goods (barter) are required. In this case as related tools necessary for language. Experts argue that the Indonesian language at this time is the Malay or Polynesian known as Austronesian language.
MASA perundagian
In the Neolithic period humans permanent residence in groups and organize their lives according to the needs converged to produce its own food ingredients ( agriculture and livestock ) . In times of permanent residence , man endeavored to increase its activities in order to achieve maximum results in meeting their needs .
At this time the human species that inhabit Indonesia can be seen from various inventions remnants order from various places , the most important of which are the findings of Anyer Lor ( Banten ) , Puger ( East Java ) , Gilimanuk ( Bali ) and Melolo ( Sumbawa ) . Framework of the numerous findings indicate human traits . While the discovery in Gilimanuk the number of skeletons found 100 pieces show strong Mongoloid characteristics as seen on the teeth and face . In the framework of human Gilimanuk visible dental disease and arthritis are common in humans as it is .
Based on the evidence that has been found can be seen that the people of Bali at the time of burial traditions perundagian has evolved with certain ways . The burial of the first ways is to use a coffin or sarcophagus made of rocks are soft or hard . Burial way is to use a jar made of clay as found on the beach Gilimanuk ( Jembrana ) . Found objects this place turned out to be enough to attract attention among which there are nearly 100 pieces of human skeletons adults and children , in a state of complete and incomplete . Tradition with a jar burial was found also in Anyar ( Banten ) , Sabbang ( South Sulawesi ) , Selayar , Rote and Melolo ( Sumba ) . Outside Indonesia this tradition developed in the Philippines , Thailand , Japan and Korea .
Megalithik culture is a culture that mainly produce buildings of large boulders. These stones have generally not done in a smooth, leveled only roughly just to get the required shape. megalithik tradition in Bali region still seems to live and function in public life today. The findings are important is in the form of standing stones (menhirs) contained in Jagat Pura Ratu Gede Pancering in Trunyan. In the temple there is a statue in the statue called Da Tonta which have characteristics that come from the tradition megalithik. This statue is almost 4 meters high. Other findings are in Sembiran (Buleleng), known as the ancient Balinese village, besides the villages Trunyan and Tenganan. Sembiran megalithik tradition in the village can be seen in pretending that revered locals to this day. of 20 pieces of fruit pura pura turns 17 show forms megalithik and generally made simple. Among them was the form of terraces, stone stand in palinggih and some are just a stone structure times.
Other findings are important as well is in the form of buildings megalithik contained in Gelgel ( Klungkung ) .Temuan important Gelgel village is a statue menhir which is contained in Panataran Jro Pura Agung . Menhir statue is made of stone with female genital protrusion containing religious values are important is as a symbol of fertility which can give life to the community .
ENTRY HINDU RELIGION
In the Neolithic period humans permanent residence in groups and organize their lives according to the needs converged to produce its own food ingredients ( agriculture and livestock ) . In times of permanent residence , man endeavored to increase its activities in order to achieve maximum results in meeting their needs .
At this time the human species that inhabit Indonesia can be seen from various inventions remnants order from various places , the most important of which are the findings of Anyer Lor ( Banten ) , Puger ( East Java ) , Gilimanuk ( Bali ) and Melolo ( Sumbawa ) . Framework of the numerous findings indicate human traits . While the discovery in Gilimanuk the number of skeletons found 100 pieces show strong Mongoloid characteristics as seen on the teeth and face . In the framework of human Gilimanuk visible dental disease and arthritis are common in humans as it is .
Based on the evidence that has been found can be seen that the people of Bali at the time of burial traditions perundagian has evolved with certain ways . The burial of the first ways is to use a coffin or sarcophagus made of rocks are soft or hard . Burial way is to use a jar made of clay as found on the beach Gilimanuk ( Jembrana ) . Found objects this place turned out to be enough to attract attention among which there are nearly 100 pieces of human skeletons adults and children , in a state of complete and incomplete . Tradition with a jar burial was found also in Anyar ( Banten ) , Sabbang ( South Sulawesi ) , Selayar , Rote and Melolo ( Sumba ) . Outside Indonesia this tradition developed in the Philippines , Thailand , Japan and Korea .
Megalithik culture is a culture that mainly produce buildings of large boulders. These stones have generally not done in a smooth, leveled only roughly just to get the required shape. megalithik tradition in Bali region still seems to live and function in public life today. The findings are important is in the form of standing stones (menhirs) contained in Jagat Pura Ratu Gede Pancering in Trunyan. In the temple there is a statue in the statue called Da Tonta which have characteristics that come from the tradition megalithik. This statue is almost 4 meters high. Other findings are in Sembiran (Buleleng), known as the ancient Balinese village, besides the villages Trunyan and Tenganan. Sembiran megalithik tradition in the village can be seen in pretending that revered locals to this day. of 20 pieces of fruit pura pura turns 17 show forms megalithik and generally made simple. Among them was the form of terraces, stone stand in palinggih and some are just a stone structure times.
Other findings are important as well is in the form of buildings megalithik contained in Gelgel ( Klungkung ) .Temuan important Gelgel village is a statue menhir which is contained in Panataran Jro Pura Agung . Menhir statue is made of stone with female genital protrusion containing religious values are important is as a symbol of fertility which can give life to the community
MASA 1343-1846
ARRIVAL EKSPEDISI ELEPHANT MADA
Gajah Mada expedition to Bali Bali performed during the kingdom ruled by King Astasura Ratna Bedahulu with Earth Banten and Patih Kebo Iwa . By first killing Kebo Iwa , Gajah Mada led an expedition along Commander Arya Damar , assisted by some of the Arya . This attack resulted in a battle between the forces of Gajah Mada with Bedahulu kingdom . This battle resulted Bedahulu king and his son died . Once airborne Grigis surrender , a vacancy occurs in the Bali government . To that end , Majapahit appointed Sri Krishna Kepakisan to lead the government in Bali with the consideration that the Sri Krishna Kepakisan have blood relations with the people of Bali Aga . From here begins Kepakisan dynasty .
PERIOD Gelgel
Because of incompetence Raden Agra Samprangan became king , Raden Samprangan replaced by Dalem Ketut Ngulesir . By Dalem Ketut Ngulesir , the administrative center was moved to Gelgel ( read / gɛl'gɛl / ) . At this moment begins Period Gelgel and King Dalem Ketut Ngulesir is the first king . The second is the king of Dalem Watu Renggong ( 1460-1550 ) . Dalem Watu Renggong up the throne to the royal heritage stable so that it can develop the skills and authority to the prosperity of the Kingdom Gelgel . Under the reign of Watu Renggong , Bali ( Gelgel ) reaches its peak . Dalem Watu Renggong died after he was replaced by Dalem Bekung (1550-1580) , while the last king of the times Gelgel is Dalem Di Made ( 1605-1686 ) .
AGE KINGDOM KLUNGKUNG
Klungkung kingdom is actually a continuation of the dynasty Gelgel . I Gusti Agung Maruti uprising appeared to have ended the period Gelgel . It happened because after the son Dalem Di Made mature and can beat I Gusti Agung Maruti , palace Gelgel not be restored . Gusti Agung Jambe as the son entitled to the throne , was unwilling to reign in Gelgel , but chose a new place as the center of government , namely former hideout in Semarapura .
Thus , Dewa Agung Jambe (1710-1775) was the first king of Klungkung times . The second is the Great Raja Dewa Made In I, while the last king of Klungkung is Dewa Agung On Made II . At the time of this Klungkung kingdom split into small kingdoms . These small kingdoms later became self-governing ( numbering eight ) were at the time of independence known as districts .
KINGDOM - THE KINGDOM OF FRACTIONS KLUNGKUNG
Badung kingdom , which later became the Badung regency .
Mengwi kingdom , which later became the District Mengwi .
Bangli kingdom , which later became Bangli regency .
Buleleng kingdom , which later became Buleleng .
Gianyar kingdom , which later became the Gianyar regency .
Karangasem kingdom , which later became Karangasem .
Klungkung kingdom , which later became Klungkung .
Tabanan kingdom , which later became Tabanan .
Denpasar kingdom , which later became the Municipality Denpasar
MASA 1846 - 1949
In this period began to enter the Dutch intervention in Bali in order to "pacification" of the entire area of the archipelago. In the process inadvertently arouse nationalist sentiment Indonesia, areas that have not been addressed by the administration of Batavia tried to master and united under administration. Dutch entry to Bali due to several things: a couple of royal rule in Bali that are considered disruptive Dutch commercial interests, refusal to accept the monopoly Bali offered Batavia, and requests for assistance from Lombok Island residents who feel unfairly treated by the rulers (from Bali).
RESISTANCE TO THE PEOPLE - THE NETHERLANDS
This period is a period of resistance to the arrival of the Dutch in Bali. Resistance-resistance is marked by the eruption of war in various areas of Bali. Resistance-resistance can be described as follows:
Buleleng War (1846)
Jagaraga War (1848--1849)
Kusamba War (1849)
Banjar War (1868)
Puputan Badung (1906)
Bellows Klungkung (1908)
With a Dutch victory in the entire war and the fall of the Klungkung kingdom into the hands of the Netherlands, meaning the overall Bali had fallen into the hands of the Netherlands.
Dutch colonial era
Since Buleleng kingdom fell into the hands of Netherlands Dutch government began to take care of about government meddling in Bali. This is done by changing the name of the king as ruler of the area with a regent for Buleleng and Jembrana areas and placing PL Van Bloemen Waanders as controleur the first in Bali.
The structure of government in Bali was still rooted in traditional governance structures, which keep the traditional leadership in implementing the government in these areas. For in Bali, the position of the king is the highest authority, which at the time of colonial rule was accompanied by a controleur. In the field of liability, the king directly responsible to the Resident of Bali and Lombok, located in Singaraja, while for South Bali, kings betanggung responsible to the Assistant Resident domiciled in Denpasar.
To meet the needs of administrative personnel , the Dutch government has opened a grammar school the first in Bali , namely in Singaraja ( 1875) known as the Tweede Klasse School. In 1913 opened a school with the name of Erste Inlandsche School and then followed by a Dutch school with the name Hollands Inlandshe School ( HIS ) that his students are mostly from the children of nobility and the rich
BIRTH OF MOVEMENT ORGANIZATION
Due to the influence of education obtained, the young students and some of the people who have to get a job in the city of Singaraja initiative to establish an association with the name "Suita Tirta Gama" which aims to promote the Balinese people in the world of science through religion. This association dear burumur not long. Then some teachers who still thirst with religious education set up an association named "Shanti" in 1923. This society has a magazine called "Shanti Adnyana" which later became "Bali Adnyana".
In 1925 in Singaraja also founded an association named "magnifier" and has a magazine named "magnifier". Such association Shanti, magnifier wants Balinese progress in the field of knowledge and to eliminate customs that are not in accordance with the times. Meanwhile, in Karangasem born an association called "Satya Samudaya Baudanda Bali Lombok" whose members consist of civil servants and the general public with the aim of saving and collecting money for the benefit of studiefonds.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION AGE
After going through several battles, the Japanese army landed on Sanur Beach on 18th and 19th February 1942. From the direction of this Sanur Japanese army entered the city of Denpasar with not experience any resistance. Then, from Denpasar Japan controlled the whole Bali. At first that laid the foundation of the Japanese power in Bali is Japanese Army forces (Rikugun). Then, when the atmosphere is stable control of government handed over to a civilian government.
Because during the Japanese occupation of the atmosphere is in a state of war, all activities are directed at the needs of the war. The youths are trained to be soldiers Homeland Defense (PETA). For Bali, the MAP was formed in January 1944 that the program and the requirements of education adapted to PETA in Java.
INDEPENDENCE DAY
Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, on 23 August 1945, Mr. I Gusti Ketut Puja arrived in Bali with a mandate appointment as Governor of the Lesser Sunda. Since his arrival here Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia in Bali began to be disseminated to the villages. At that moment began to be held preparations for the arrangement of government in Bali as the Lesser Sunda region with its capital Singaraja.
Since landing NICA in Bali, Bali has always been a fighting arena. In that battle RI forces using guerrilla system. Therefore, MBO as the holding forces are always moving. To strengthen the defense in Bali, the Navy brought in aid of Java that then merge into force in Bali. Because of frequent battles, the Dutch had sent a letter to Rai to hold negotiations. However, the parties are not willing to Bali fighters, and even continued to strengthen its defenses by involving all the people.
To facilitate contact with Java, Rai never take a ploy to shift the attention of the Netherlands to eastern Bali. On May 28, 1946 Rai deploy troops heading east and is known as the "Long March". Held during the "Long March" the guerrilla forces often blocked by the Dutch army so frequent battles. Battles that brought victory in the fighter is Tanah Arun battle, namely the battle which took place in a small village on the slopes of Mount Agung, Karangasem. In Tanah Arun battle which occurred on 9 July 1946 the Dutch were killed. After the battle Ngurah Rai troops back toward the west and they reached the village of Marga (Tabanan). To further conserve energy because of limited weapons, some troops were ordered to fight together with the people.
Puputan Margarana
At the time the staff MBO is in the village of Marga, I Gusti Ngurah Rai ordered his troops to seize police weapons NICA in the city of Tabanan. The order was executed on 18 November 1946 (night) and did well. Some weapons can be seized along with ammunition and a police commander NICA participated join themselves to the troops Ngurah Rai. After the troops soon returned to the village of Marga. On 20 November 1946 since the early morning start nengadakan confinement Dutch army against the village of Marga. Approximately 10:00 am start happening a shootout between army troops Nica Ngurah Rai. In the exciting battle it forces the front part of the Netherlands many dead shot. Therefore, the Dutch soon bring relief from all the soldiers who were in Bali plus the bombers came from Makassar. In the fierce battle that all squad members Ngurah Rai determined not to retreat until the last drop of blood. This is where the Ngurah Rai troops held a "Puputan" or all-out war in the village Margarana so troops numbering 96 men were all dead, including Ngurah Rai itself. By contrast, in the Netherlands there are approximately 400 people who were killed. To commemorate the event on 20 November 1946 in the war bellows Margarana familiar with, and now the former battle area was established Tugu Pahlawan worship of the Park.
CONFERENCE DENPASAR
On 7 until December 24, 1946 , took place at the conference hall Denpasar Bali Hotel . The conference was opened by Hubertus van Mook which aims to establish the State of East Indonesia ( NIT ) with a capital of Makassar ( Ujung Pandang ) .
With the formation of the State of East Indonesia government structure in Bali revived as in the days of the kings, the government held by the king assisted by the duke, retainer, perbekel, and governance at the bottom is kelian. In addition, there's more of a board which is located above the king, the council of the kings.
DELIVERY KEDULATAN
The first military aggression against the Republic of Indonesia pemeritahan troops based in Yogyakarta dilancarakan by the Netherlands on 21 July 1947. The Dutch launched again its aggression that both December 18, 1948. During the second aggression was in Bali constantly sought the establishment of agencies is a struggle Guerrilla more effective. In this connection, in July 1948 can be formed organizations struggle with the name of People's Movement Indonesia Merdeka (GRIM). Subsequently, on November 27, 1949, GRIM merge with other organizations struggle with the name Continued Struggle. The name was later changed to the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) Lesser Sunda.
Meanwhile, the Round Table Conference (RTC) regarding the approval of the formation of the United Indonesia - Netherlands started since the end of August 1949. Finally, December 27, 1949 Netherlands recognizes the sovereignty of RIS. Subsequently, on August 17, 1950, RIS was changed to the Republic of Indonesia.
LIST OF DISTRICT AND CITY IN BALI
No. Regency / City Capital City
1 Badung Badung
2 Bangli Bangli
3 Buleleng Singaraja
4 Gianyar Regency Gianyar
5 Jembrana State
6 Karangasem Karangasem
7 Klungkung Klungkung
8 Tabanan Tabanan
9 Denpasar -
GOVERNOR OF BALI
1. Children's nice grand Sutedja: years 1950-1958
2. I Gusti Bagus Oka: years 1958-1959
3. Children's nice grand Sutedja: years 1959-1965
4. I Gusti Putu martha: year 1965-1967
5. Soekarmen: years 1967-1978
6. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus mantra: years 1978 - 1988
7. Prof. Dr. Oka good idea: the year 1988 - 1993
8. Drs. Dewa Made Beratha: years 1993 - 2008
9. I Made Mangku Pastika: years 2008-2013
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